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The Second Portuguese India Armada was assembled in 1500 on the order of King Manuel I of Portugal and placed under the command of Pedro Álvares Cabral. Cabral's armada famously discovered Brazil for the Portuguese crown along the way. By and large, the 2nd Armada's diplomatic mission to India failed, and provoked the opening of hostilities between the Kingdom of Portugal and the feudal city-state of Calicut, ruled by Zamorins. Nonetheless, it managed to establish a factory in nearby Cochin kingdom, the first Portuguese factory in Asia. == Fleet == The first India Armada, commanded by Vasco da Gama, arrived in Portugal in the summer of 1499, in a rather sorry shape. Battles, disease and storms had taken their toll—half of his ships and men had been lost. Although he came back with a hefty cargo of spices that would be sold at an enormous profit, Vasco da Gama had failed in the principal objective of his mission—negotiating a treaty with Zamorin's Calicut, the spice entrepot on the Malabar Coast of India. Nonetheless, Gama had opened up the sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope and secured good relations with the African city-state of Malindi, a critical staging post along the way. On the orders of King Manuel I of Portugal, arrangements immediately began to assemble a Second Armada in Cascais. Determined not to repeat Gama's mistakes, this one was to be a large and well-armed fleet—13 ships, 1500 men—and laden with valuable gifts and diplomatic letters to win over the potentates of the east. Many details of the composition of the fleet are missing. Only three ship names are known, and there is some conflict among the sources on the naming of the captains. The following list of ships should not be regarded as authoritative, but a tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts. This list is principally in concordance with Fernão Lopes de Castanheda's ''Historia'', João de Barros's ''Décadas'', Damião de Góis's ''Chronica'', the marginal gloss of the ''Relaçao das Naos'', Diogo do Couto's list, Manuel de Faria e Sousa's ''Asia Portugueza'',. 〔Castanheda (1551, Lib. 1, ch.30,(p.96 )) João de Barros (1552, Dec. I, Lib. V c.1 (p.384 )); Damião de Góis (1563, Pt. 1, ch.53, (p.67 )); Diogo do Couto ''Decada decima'' (c.1600, ch. 16, (p.117 )), Faria e Sousa (1666: v.1, ch.5, (p.44 )) Both Barros and Gois mistakenly list Diogo Dias (Bartolomeu's brother) as "Pêro Dias", an error also found in the marginal gloss of the ''Relaçao das Naos'' (Maldonado, 1985: (p.10 )) and subsequently repeated in Couto and Faria e Sousa. Oddly, Couto inserts Duarte Pacheco Pereira in the place of Simão de Pina, but subsequently corrects himself. All the chroniclers in this note (Castanheda, Barros, etc.) give Gaspar de Lemos instead of André Gonçalves. Chronicler Jerónimo Osório (''De rebus Emmanuelis'', 1571) does not list captain names. 〕 The main conflict is with Gaspar Correia's ''Lendas da Índia'', who omits Pêro de Ataíde and Aires Gomes da Silva, listing instead Braz Matoso and Pedro de Figueiró, and introduces André Gonçalves in addition to Lemos, bringing the number of captains up to fourteen, but manages to bring it back down to thirteen by identifying Simão de Miranda as vice-admiral and captain of Cabral's own flagship.〔Gaspar Correia ''Lendas da India'' (c.1550, (p.148 )). Correia's list conforms very closely with the original ''Relaçao das Naos'', albeit not its corrected marginal gloss (Maldonado, 1985: (p.10 )). The other great deviant is the ''Livro de Lisuarte d'Abreu'' (1563), which introduces four new names Diogo de Figueiró, João Fernandes, Ruy de Miranda and André Gonçalves (and omits four: P. d'Ataide, A. Gomes da Silva, S. da Pina, G. de Lemos).〕 Neither of the two eyewitnesses—the Anonymous Portuguese pilot and Pêro Vaz de Caminha—give a list of captains. The Second Armada would be headed by the Portuguese nobleman Pedro Álvares Cabral, a master of the Order of Christ (in contrast with Gama, who was of the Order of Santiago). Cabral had no notable naval or military experience, his appointment as ''capitão-mor'' (captain-major) of the armada being largely a political one. The exiled Castillian nobleman Sancho de Tovar was designated vice-admiral (''soto-capitão'') and successor should anything befall Cabral.〔According to Castanheda and Damião de Góis. However, Gaspar Correia identifies Simão de Miranda as the predesignated successor.〕 Veteran pilot Pedro Escobar was given the overall technical command of the expedition. Other veterans of the first (1497) armada include captain Nicolau Coelho, pilot Pêro de Alenquer and clerks Afonso Lopes and João de Sá. Going as captains were the famed navigator Bartolomeu Dias (first to double the Cape back in 1488) and his brother Diogo Dias (who had served as clerk on Gama's ship in the first expedition). Most of the ships were either carracks (''naus'') or caravels and at least one was a small supply ship, although details on names and tonnage are missing.〔Castanheda (1551) claims there were ten carracks and three caravels. The Anonymous Pilot refers to only twelve ships, plus a supply ship.〕 At least two ships, Cabral's flagship and Tovar's ''El Rei'', were said to be around 240t, that is, about twice the size of the largest ship in the 1st (1497) Armada of Vasco da Gama. Ten ships were destined for Calicut (Malabar, India), while two ships (the Dias brothers, Bartolomeu and Diogo) were destined for Sofala (East Africa) and one (the supply ship captained by either Gaspar de Lemos or André Gonçalves, uncertain exactly whom) was destined to be scuttled and burnt along the way.〔The Sofala destination of the Dias brothers is found in Castanheda (1551). It is confirmed in the Anonymous Pilot.〕 At least two ships were privately owned and outfitted. The ship of Luís Pires was owned by Diogo da Silva e Meneses, Count of Portalegre, while the ''Anunciada'' of Nuno Leitão da Cunha was owned by the king's cousin D. Álvaro of Braganza, and financed by an Italian consortium composed of the Florentine bankers Bartolomeo Marchionni and Girolamo Sernigi and the Genoese Antonio Salvago. The remainder belonged to the Portuguese crown. Accompanying the expedition as translator was Gaspar da Gama (baptismal name of the Goese Jew captured in Angediva by Vasco da Gama) as well as four Hindu hostages from Zamorin's kingdom taken by da Gama in 1498 during negotiations. Also aboard is the ambassador of the Sultan of Malindi, who had come with Gama, and was now set to return. Other passengers on the expedition included Aires Correia (archaically, Corrêa), designated factor for Calicut, his secretary Pêro Vaz de Caminha, Sofala factor Afonso Furtado and clerk Martinho Neto. Accompanying the trip was the royal physician and amateur astronomer, Master João Faras, who brought along the latest astrolabe and new Arab astronomical staves for navigational experiment. One chronicler suggests that the knight Duarte Pacheco Pereira was also aboard.〔Damião de Góis is the chronicler responsible for this claim. This is not substantiated elsewhere. Greenlee (1938: p.li) and Diffie and Winius (1977: p.188fn) dismiss the possibility.〕 The fleet carried some twenty Portuguese ''degredados'' (criminal convicts), who could fulfill their sentences by being abandoned along the shores of various places and exploring inland on the crown's behalf. Among the degredados we know four names: Afonso Ribeiro, João Machado, Luiz de Moura, António Fernandes (also a ship carpenter) Finally, the fleet carried the first Portuguese Christian missionaries to India—eight Franciscan friars and eight chaplains, under the supervision of the head chaplain, Fr. Henrique Soares of Coimbra There are three surviving eyewitness accounts of this expedition: (1) an extended letter written by Pêro Vaz de Caminha (possibly dictated by Aires Correia), written from Brazil on May 1, 1500, to King Manuel I; (2) the brief letter by Mestre João Faras to the king, also from Brazil; (3) the account of an anonymous Portuguese pilot, first published in Italian in 1507 (commonly referred to as the ''Relação do Piloto Anônimo'', sometimes believed to be the clerk João de Sá). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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